The Michael Phelps Diet: Don’t Try It at Home - Health Blog. Aug 1. 3, 2. 00. 8 3: 3. ET. Michael Phelps celebrates another gold medal and another 1. Besides grabbing five gold medals at the Beijing Olympics so far, making him the winningest Olympic athlete ever, he’s got to be setting new marks on the chow line. 1 000 Calorie A Day Diet For WomenCristiano Ronaldo workout routine and exercises. Did you ever wonder about what Cristiano Ronaldo does to keep in shape? What kind of training exercises and drills. Ok, so what is this LCHF then? This is true LCHF: Basics. The abbreviation stands for Low Carb High Fat and the very simple basics are to minimize the carbs in your. The meat-based diet differs from the vegetarian diet in that 124 kg of meat and 20.3 kg of fish are consumed per year (Table 1 A high-calorie lunch meal on your weight-gain diet might include 1/2 cup of hummus, 1.5 ounces of feta cheese, alfalfa sprouts and. Low- protein diet - Wikipedia. A low- protein diet is a diet in which people reduce their intake of protein. A low- protein diet is prescribed for those with inherited metabolic disorders, such as Phenylketonuria and Homocystinuria and reduced protein levels have been used by people with kidney or liver disease. Low protein consumption appears to alter the risk of bone breakage, presumably through changes in calcium homeostasis. The amount used by those with liver disease would still result in individuals being in nitrogen balance. Amino acids that are excess to requirement cannot be stored, but must be modified by deamination (removal of the amine group). As this occurs in the liver and kidneys, some individuals with damaged livers or kidneys may be advised to eat less protein. What is a low-calorie sweetener? Low-calorie sweeteners are sugar substitutes that have zero calories and do not raise blood glucose levels through eating them, which. Adults Were Infected With High-Risk HPV Between 20, According to the CDC. The Mayo Diet is the best Weight Loss Diet. The Mayo Clinic Diet is a 1000 calories diet. 14 days eating eggs to lose 15 lbs. The mayo diet is based on calorie diet. Michael Phelps reveals details of his 12,000 calories a day diet. Due to the sulphur content of the amino acids methionine and cysteine, excess of these amino acids leads to the production of acid through sulphate ions. These sulphate ions may be neutralized by calcium ions from bone, which may lead to net urinary loss of calcium. This might lead to reduction in bone mineral density over time. Individuals suffering from phenylketonuria lack the enzyme to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine so low levels of this amino acid need to be provided in the diet. Homocystinuria is an inherited disorder involving the metabolism of the amino acid methionine leading to the accumulation of homocysteine. Treatment includes providing low levels of methionine and high levels of vitamin B6 in the diet. Low- protein diets are in vogue among some members of the general public because of the impact of protein intake on Insulin/Insulin- like growth factor 1 Signalling (IIS) and the direct sensing of amino acid availability by mammalian target of rapamycin (m. TOR), two systems that are implicated in longevity and cancer proliferation. Russell Henry Chittenden showed that less than half that amount was needed to maintain good health. The median human adult requirement for good quality protein is approximately 0. A 7. 0 kg adult human who was in the middle of the range would require approximately 4. This would represent less than 1. William Cumming Rose and his team studied the essential amino acids, helping to define minimum amounts needed for normal health. If your lifestyle includes following a special diet for optimum health, you can find exactly what you need right here. This collection of recipes is sorted by special. Straightforward Tricks to Lose Weight Quickly for Slimming Diet There are many alternatives available and practically all of people slimming diet packages have their. For adults, the recommended minimum amounts of each essential amino acid varies from 4 to 3. To be of good quality, protein only needs to come from a wide variety of foods; there is neither a need to mix animal and plant food together nor a need to complement specific plant foods, such as rice and beans. Plant protein is often described as incomplete, suggesting that they lack one or more of the essential amino acids. Apart from rare examples, such as Taro. However, the relative abundance of the essential amino acids is more variable in plants than that found in animals, which tend to be very similar in essential amino acid abundance, and this has led to the misconception that plant proteins are deficient in some way. Low- protein vs calorie restriction. Increases in longevity or reductions in age- associated morbidity have also been shown for model systems where protein or specific amino acids have been reduced. In particular, experiments in model systems in rats, mice, and Drosophila fruit flies have shown increases in life- span with reduced protein intake comparable to that for calorie restriction. Restriction of the amino acid methionine, which is required to initiate protein synthesis, is sufficient to extend lifespan. None of the diets in these regions is completely based on plants, but plants form the bulk of the food eaten. However, more recent research suggests that a high protein diet is required of 1. In addition, vitamin supplements especially vitamin B group should be taken. Salt should be restricted to below 5 mg per day. This diet was a daily ration of 2,0. Calories consisting of moderate amounts of boiled rice, sucrose and dextrose, and a restricted range of fruit, supplemented with vitamins. Sodium and chloride where restricted to 1. It showed remarkable effects on control of edema and hypertension. The Rice Diet program closed in 2. Mc. Dougall's program continue to be offered for kidney disease and hypertension. Calcium loss from bone occurs at protein intake below requirement when individuals are in negative protein balance, suggesting that too little protein is dangerous for bone health. Large prospective cohort studies have shown a slight increase in risk of bone fracture when the quintile of highest protein consumption is compared to the quintile of lowest protein consumption. As protein consumption increases, calcium uptake from the gut is enhanced. However, calcium uptake from the gut does not compensate for calcium loss in the urine at protein consumption of 2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. Calcium is not the only ion that neutralizes the sulphate from protein metabolism, and overall buffering and renal acid load also includes anions such as bicarbonate, organic ions, phosphorus and chloride as well as cations such as ammonium, titrateable acid, magnesium, potassium and sodium. However, not all plant material is base forming, for example, nuts, grains and grain products add to the acid load. This table shows the grams of protein per 1. Calories in that food from protein, fat, and carbohydrate, and the proportion of the Calories due to protein. Refined sugars and oils or fats have not been included because the protein content in those are negligible or zero. Refined protein powders such as isolated soy or whey protein have also been excluded for the opposite reason. Type. Food. Protein (g/1. Calories (per 1. 00 g)Percent Calories from Protein. Animal. Atlantic salmon. Animal. Chicken egg. Animal. Lamb 1/8 inch fat trim. Animal. Lean Chicken. Animal. Lean beef sirlion. Animal. Pork belly. Dairy. Camembert. Dairy. Cheddar cheese. Dairy. Cottage cheese. Dairy. Cow's milk. Dairy. Cream cheese. Dairy. Low fat yoghurt. Dairy. Parmesan cheese. Dairy. Plain yoghurt. Dairy. Triple Brie. Dairy. Vanilla ice cream. Dry fruit. Pitted dates. Dry fruit. Sultanas. Fruit. Apple. 0. 3. Fruit. Avocado. 2. Fruit. Banana. 1. Fruit. Black pitted olives. Fruit. Orange. 0. Fruit. Plum. 0. 7. Fruit. Strawberry. Grain. Jasmine white rice. Grain. Medium grain whole rice. Grain. Pearl barley. Grain. Polenta. 8. Grain. Rolled oats. Grain. Wholemeal flour. Legume. Chickpeas dry. Legume. Split red lentils. Legume. Split yellow peas. Legume. French lentils. Nuts. Almonds. 23. Nuts. Cashews. 18. Nuts. Peanuts. 24. Nuts. Pecan. 9. 8. Nuts. Pine nuts. 13. Nuts. Walnuts. 15. Processed. Bacon. Processed. Beef sausages. Processed. Chicken liver pate. Processed. Chorizo. Processed. Commercial Birchir muesli. Processed. Commercial Hommus. Processed. Commercial jam. Processed. Commercial mustard. Processed. Commercial peanut butter. Processed. Commercial pepperoni. Processed. Commercial salsa. Processed. Commercial sauerkraut. Processed. Corn flakes. Processed. Custard powder. Processed. Dark chocolate. Processed. Desiccated coconut. Processed. Dill pickle. Processed. Fresh pasta sheet. Processed. Gingernut biscuit. Processed. Hazelnut spread. Processed. Italian pasta. Processed. Rice vermicelli. Processed. Salted corn chips. Processed. Salted potato chips. Processed. Tomato sauce. Processed. Vitaweat original. Processed. Wheat bix. Processed. White chocolate. Processed. White flour. Processed. Wholemeal bread. Seeds. Golden linseed. Seeds. Pumpkin kernels (peppitas)2. Seeds. Sunflower kernels. Seeds. White quinoa. Vegetable. Cauliflower. Vegetable. Cos lettuce. Vegetable. Cucumber. Vegetable. Potato. Vegetable. Sweet potato. Vegetable. Tomato. Values taken from labels on commercial items and from a nutritional database. This is often found in arguments for selective consumption of plant foods to combat osteoporosis, and in arguments to choose plant foods in diets restricting methionine. However, this is not strictly true, as the following table shows. Animal protein shows a range of approximately 3% to 4% methionine plus cysteine for meat as well as for milk and dairy. Eggs have higher values in a 4% to 7% range. While many fruit and vegetables have values below 3%, values for grains, seeds, and nuts fall in the 3% to 4% range, and many exceed 4%. Dry or mature legumes have values in the range 2% to 3%, but sprouted legumes exceed 4%. The highest value is for Brazil nuts. This table shows that unless large classes of plant food are avoided, a plant- based diet is unlikely to be significantly lower in methionine and cysteine than an omnivorous diet if the same level of protein is consumed. Type. Item. Methionine (g/1. Cysteine (g/1. 00g)Protein (g/1. Percent Methionine plus Cysteine in Protein. Animal. Abalone, mixed. Animal. Chicken, breast. Animal. Lamb 1/8 inch fat trim. Animal. Lobster, northern. Animal. Pork, mixed cuts. Animal. Salmon, Atlantic. Animal. Sea bass, mixed. Dairy. Camembert. Dairy. Goat, soft. Dairy. Parmesan. 0. Dairy. Ricotta. 0. Dairy. Roquefort. Dairy. Yoghurt, plain, whole. Milk. Buffalo, Indian. Milk. Cow. 0. 0. 82. Milk. Goat. 0. 0. Milk. Human. 0. 0. Milk. Sheep. 0. 1. Egg. Caviar. 0. 6. Egg. Chicken. 0. 3. Egg. Duck. 0. 5. 76. Egg. Goose. 0. 6. Fruit. Apple. 0. 0. Fruit. Avocado. 0. Fruit. Banana. 0. Fruit. Mango. 0. 0. Fruit. Orange. 0. Fruit. Peach. 0. 0. Fruit. Pear. 0. 0. Fruit. Pineapple. Grain. Barley, hulled. Grain. Brown long- grain rice. Grain. Durum wheat. Grain. Maize, white. Grain. Oats. 0. 3. Grain. Rye. 0. 2. Legume. Black beans. Legume. Chickpeas. Legume. Fava beans. Legume. Kidney beans. Legume. Lima beans. Legume. Mung beans. Legume. Pink lentils. Legume. Soybeans. Legume. Sprouted lentils. Nut. Almonds. 0. 1. Nut. Brazilnuts. 1. Nut. Cashews. 0. 3. Nut. Hazelnuts. 0. Nut. Pecans. 0. 1. Nut. Pistachio. 0. Nut. Walnuts. 0. 2. Seed. Chia. 0. 0. Seed. Flaxseed. 0. Seed. Pumpkin, pepitas. Seed. Sesame. 0. 5. Seed. Sunflower. 0. Seed. Watermelon. Soy. Milk, unfortified. Soy. Miso. 0. 1. 29. Soy. Tempeh. 0. 1. Soy. Tofu, raw, firm. Vegetable. Breadfruit. Vegetable. Cabbage. Vegetable. Capsicum, Hungarian. Vegetable. Carrot, baby. Count calories in food. A statin a day keeps the doctor away: comparative proverb assessment modelling study. Adam D M Briggs, academic clinical fellow, Anja Mizdrak, researcher, Peter Scarborough, senior researcher. BHF Health Promotion Research Group, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7. LF, UKCorrespondence to: A D M Briggs adam. The modelling used routinely available UK population datasets; parameters describing the relations between statins, apples, and health were derived from meta- analyses. Main outcome measure Mortality due to vascular disease. Results The estimated annual reduction in deaths from vascular disease of a statin a day, assuming 7. L reduction in low density lipoprotein cholesterol, is 9. The equivalent reduction from an apple a day, modelled using the PRIME model (assuming an apple weighs 1. Conclusions Both nutritional and pharmaceutical approaches to the prevention of vascular disease may have the potential to reduce UK mortality significantly. With similar reductions in mortality, a 1. Introduction“An apple a day keeps the doctor away,” a public health message delivered by parents and teachers since the 1. Victorian health promotion can truly stand the test of time, whereas other Victorian practices—such as the use of leeches in primary care—have fallen away. Today in the United Kingdom, lifestyle changes (such as increasing levels of physical activity or changing diet) are the recommended first step for primary prevention of vascular disease. Increasingly, however, calls are being made for greater use of drugs in primary prevention, perhaps the best known example being Wald and Law proposing the polypill in 2. In the UK, the only drug class recommended for primary prevention at a population level is the hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, or statins, and this is only for people at 2. Recent meta- analyses have indicated similar relative benefits to patients with a five year risk of a major vascular event of less than 1% to those at greater than 2. This has led to calls to use statins for cardiovascular disease prevention at the population level, particularly for people aged 5. We set out to test how almost 1. Victorian wisdom might compare with the more widespread use of statins in primary prevention. We modelled the effect on vascular mortality of prescribing everybody in the UK over 5. Malus domestica) a day or a statin a day, estimated the number of adverse events, and compared the subsequent drug, or fruit, costs. Methods. Data on the effect on vascular mortality (any stroke, cardiac death, or other vascular death) of the UK population of a statin a day came from the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ meta- analysis, which found that reducing cholesterol with a statin reduces the relative risk of vascular mortality by 1. L reduction in low density lipoprotein cholesterol and that on average this is reduced by 1. L over a year of treatment. We applied this annual reduction to age and sex specific vascular mortality rates for the UK population aged 5. Health Survey for England (stratified by sex and five year age categories, with age and sex specific statin uptake for Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland assumed to be the same as for England). We assumed 7. 0% compliance on a conservative basis; this was the lower of the two compliance values reported by Taylor et al in their recent Cochrane review (7. We calculated the reduction in deaths from vascular disease as the difference between the number of vascular deaths in the population not taking statins, using current age and sex specific mortality rates, and the number of deaths when assuming the new mortality rates. We calculated 9. 5% credible intervals by applying the 9. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists of 9% to 1. We modelled the effect on vascular mortality (cerebrovascular disease, ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, and abdominal aortic aneurysm) of an apple a day on the entire UK population aged 5. PRIME, a widely published comparative risk assessment model (see web appendix for more details). This uses meta- analyses of studies to parameterise the relation between a wide range of nutritional factors (g/day of fruit, vegetables, salt, and fibre; percentage of total energy derived from total fat, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and dietary cholesterol; and total energy intake in kcal/day) and chronic disease mortality. On a conservative basis, we assumed apples to weigh 1. Baseline population diet and the nutritional composition of apples came from the Living Costs and Food Survey 2. We assumed the effect on health of consuming an extra apple a day to be the same irrespective of baseline apple consumption, as described in the underlying meta- analyses describing the relations between fruit and vegetable consumption and cardiovascular disease. We assumed compliance to be 7. We calculated 9. 5% credible intervals by using 5. Monte Carlo analysis to account for the variation in parameters describing the relations between different dietary components and mortality from cerebrovascular disease, ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, and abdominal aortic aneurysm (see web appendix for additional information on PRIME). Table 1 Nutritional composition of 1. We modelled side effects of statins by using the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ reports of statins leading to an excess incidence of myopathy of 0. We applied these to the extra population aged over 5. No side effects were modelled for increased apple consumption; aside from the distress caused by a bruised apple, and the theoretical risk of identifying half a worm inside, apple related adverse events are not widely recognised. People with an apple allergy could be prescribed an alternative less allergenic fruit with similar health benefits. We obtained costs of statins from the British National Formulary,1. The cost of an apple came from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs’ weekly fruit and vegetable prices for the cheapest variety of dessert apple (assuming the NHS would want to purchase at the lowest price) of 4. No costs were estimated for general practice appointments or the management of any side effects. Sensitivity analyses investigated the effect of prescribing statins or apples to everybody over 3. QRISK2- 2. 01. 1 scoring system is validated to predict 1. Results. We estimate that 5. UK, with an extra 1. Assuming 7. 0% compliance, offering statins to 1. Table 2. Prescribing statins to everyone over the age of 5. The total extra cost of statin treatment from the drug alone is estimated at . The number of adverse events is predicted to double to 2. The cost of statins would be . If compliance with apple prescriptions was 9. Finally, if the apple prescription has no effect on any aspect of the average diet except amount of fruit consumed, annual vascular deaths would reduce by 7. Discussion. Prescribing either an apple a day or a statin a day to everyone over 5. Choosing apples rather than statins may avoid more than a thousand excess cases of myopathy and more than 1. The basic costs of apples are likely to be greater than those of statins; however, NHS prescription prices and convenience may drive people to purchase their apples from a store rather than through a pharmacy, thereby reducing direct NHS costs, or the NHS may be able to negotiate apple price freezes (although defrosted apples may not be so palatable). Strengths and limitations. The strengths of this study lie in the underlying data used to parameterise the population effect of statins and the PRIME model, which came from meta- analyses of trials and prospective cohort studies (see web appendix for further details of the PRIME model). The exact definition of vascular mortality used differs slightly between the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists and the PRIME model. However, the most common causes of vascular death (ischaemic heart disease and stroke) are modelled for both statins and apples, making any remaining differences negligible in their effect size. When estimating adverse events, as the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists note, the reduction in the number of vascular events due to the increased use of statins vastly outweighs the excess incidence of haemorrhagic stroke and diabetes. However, limitations of the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ meta- analysis have been suggested, including underestimation of side effects and absence of an effect on all cause mortality for patients at low risk. This would suggest that our estimates of side effects from statins are conservative and that an added benefit of apples over statins may exist in terms of all cause mortality. Our estimates of costs apply only to the basic cost of the intervention. We make no estimate of the cost to the health service of either accessing prescriptions or managing side effects. The predicted effects of a change in national policy to provide statins to everybody aged over 5. Although a conservative estimate, treatment compliance may be less than 7. However, the shock effect of the policy may stimulate more people who are eligible for treatment but are not accessing it to seek medical care. Furthermore, compliance may reduce over time, meaning our results could overestimate future benefits and future adverse events. We also apply the same treatment effect on vascular mortality to people of all ages, sexes, and cardiovascular risk profiles, and in reality these may differ. We assume that the age and sex distribution of the population taking of statins in the UK is the same as that found in the Health Survey for England. The estimate of population compliance with an apple a day is less evidence based. Although apples are of course both delicious and nutritious, this view is not consistently shared across the population; as much as 6. UK adults do not meet the recommendation of five portions of fruit and vegetables a day.
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